Automakers have lined up capital investments of close to Rs.60,000 cr. in the next couple of years as they redesign vehicles to comply with new regulations and up R&D spends to come up with new models. The industry spent an average of Rs.22,000 cr. in 2016-17 and 2017-18 as it added capacity, upgraded technology and products. The biggest chunk of investments, in the next couple of years, will be made products, including electric vehicles, apart from preparing for a host of regulatory changes like BS-VI emission norms and improved safety features. Almost all automakers have plans to launch an EV around 2020. This is true across the three categories — passenger vehicles (PVs), two-wheelers and commercial vehicles (CVs).